Participant Observation of City Cultures Essay Example

Member Observation of City Cultures Essay Ethnography has become an extremely mainstream way to deal with social exploration, close by different sorts of subjective work. It is the investigation of a lifestyle and was presented by anthropologists who contemplated negligible or disconnected societies, for example, the investigation of Trobriand Islands by Bronislaw Malinowski. Anthropologists trusted it to be crucial to get as close as conceivable to the social orders they were researching; henceforth, ethnography looks somewhat like the standard manners by which individuals comprehend the world in regular day to day existence. A few specialists see this as it essential quality; others consider it to be a crucial shortcoming. Member perception is a methods for social event data; it permits the specialist to encounter the way of life under assessment. It is an exploration method that has been adjusted to meet the necessities of sociologists and is utilized every now and again to increase nitty gritty subjective outcomes. In its generally trademark, structure it includes the ethnographer taking an interest, unmistakably or secretly, in people groups day by day lives for an all-encompassing timeframe and gathering any information that worries subject of the examination. In plain perception, scientists proclaim their actual character and reason while an incognito member eyewitness is covered up or camouflaged. A few specialists contend that clear perception is the most ideal path since it stays away from cooperation in improper or unlawful conduct. Moreover, the examiner can uninhibitedly pose inquiries without stimulating doubt. In any case, being open in an examination may influence the conduct of the membe rs as they may turn out to be increasingly hesitant. Consequently, clandestine perception is less inclined to disturb the circumstance being seen since the specialist seems, by all accounts, to be another individual from the gathering, for instance, a specific analyst, William Chambliss, needed to keep up mystery when leading an investigation of a sorted out wrongdoing; if his actual character was uncovered the wrongdoing may have been forestalled. In any case, this inquiries the ethnicity of the investigation since educated assent isn't given. In either case, perception can function admirably in circumstances where there is no pre-chosen test populace and where the conduct being referred to is covered up or freak. We will compose a custom exposition test on Participant Observation of City Cultures explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Participant Observation of City Cultures explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Participant Observation of City Cultures explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Ethnography intends to reveal insight into the implications and aims behind social conduct. In this examination I wish to consider the Piccadilly train station which is situated in the Manchester downtown area. I have picked this urban space since it is a spot which relying upon what day and time I pick, can be a bustling domain which could contain dynamic and dynamic members. I have chosen to complete my investigation on a Friday evening for 60 minutes, as this would be an active time in the train station; the two understudies and utilized grown-ups might be going back home. Besides, it is a sheltered domain wherein I can stay disguised since I wish to complete a secretive perception. I will consider the primary hall of the train station as a site for social request. For instance, how much are youth subcultures a type of protection from the financial conditions of youthful common laborers individuals? Since it is an open space for social characters to meet, join or even collide, I w ish to see whether this member perception uncovers societies of negligible or degenerate gatherings. Aftereffect of perception Train stations are a regular angle in numerous people groups lives and since I did my examination on a Friday evening at around seven oclock, it was an active time. The train station is a type of open assistance and is open and accessible to any individual who is wishing to travel; it isn't strictly or instructively bound in any capacity. Piccadilly train station is a huge station; it contains different high road stores, general stores, food places and bars. In any case, I was watching the genuine train zone, so as far as association, members spoke with those they knew. Aside from that, members associated with staff individuals when buying tickets or making enquiries. Transcendently, I distinguished two primary classifications in which my members fell into; there were an enormous number of understudies and furthermore many working grown-ups. Any kids present appeared to be joined by grown-ups. Numerous understudies were on the own however there were likewise little gatherings of them. While sitting tight in lines or for the trains, I saw that a great deal of understudies utilized their telephones; in the event that they were not occupied with calls, they were most likely simply perusing or text informing. It appeared as they rushed to get exhausted while the majority of the grown-ups were content with the pausing. I likewise saw that more females, especially the working grown-ups were conveying books and magazines, probably for their excursions; nonetheless, I didn't perceive any guys holding any understanding material. There were social jobs noticeable in the train station. I saw a progression of activities that a large portion of the members appeared to be following. I found that when members entered the station, the greater part of them went to the enormous screens to see the apportioned train times. This territory was additionally a gathering point for a great deal of the gatherings of understudies. Next, members would buy their tickets; the majority of them proceeded to join long lines, few would head toward the buying machines yet this was very uncommon. There were two lines, one for the individuals who were going on that day, and one for future ventures. Both were long, the previous line being altogether longer than the last mentioned. At long last, members either got their trains or sat tight for their appearances. A few members invested their energy holding up by going into the grocery stores or getting food, one gathering of understudies went to the bar, however most of members held up in the holding up zone. The general standards of conduct in the station were ordinary perspectives, for example, lining and the general graciousness systems in discussion among members and staff individuals. Since it was occupied in the station around then, numerous individuals were hurrying which made members push by one another, along these lines visit conciliatory sentiments were made despite the fact that there was an episode when a male member unintentionally pushed by an old female member, almost thumping her over and didn't stop to apologize. This was seen by different members too and remarks were being made on how that was discourteous. This was the principal type of aberrance I saw in this investigation. Another event where the standard of conduct was abused was when two youthful female members astutely drove into the line. This was seen by the female member they pushed before, however she stayed calm despite the fact that it appeared to trouble her. A last episode happened when a huge gathering of members both male and female, apparently understudies, turned out to be fairly noisy in the primary anteroom of the station; they pulled in a great deal of consideration from different members. They started to disturb the open group as they were getting rambunctious, in the long run security watches advised them to quieten down or leave; they left soon after. End When assuming my job as an eyewitness, I was very positive about what I was doing. I was not disturbing anybody and I didn't associate with anybody whenever during the examination. Since nature I was in was incredibly occupied and a large portion of the members were hurrying around the region, I was not seen by anybody; I had the option to mix in with the earth I was in. While thinking about my outcomes, certain inquiries with respect to whether this record of conduct is viewed as legitimate, or whether another specialist would watch the action similarly. This prompts numerous methodological issues with this perception. This procedure of examination is one that is subject to the job and position onlooker receives while watching. The individuals who utilize a member technique could exaggerate their job and influence the gatherings conduct. There is likewise the danger of going local where they become progressively a full individual from the gathering and less an onlooker. In this way, legitimate translation is a critical prerequisite to empower great observational human science. A specific specialist, Stanley (1990) has expressed: the venture which drives the composition of ethnography is not the same as that which drives the doing of public activity. Ethnographic depiction is really not, and can't be, strict description.1 Subsequently, observational examinations may not be totally liberated from biasing impacts and the legitimacy of this investigation can be addressed. Gilbert and Mulkay (1984) contend that: nobody translation of social activity can be better than another whatever technique is utilized to record or watch it since every single social activity have various implications, each made by and subject to the intuitive setting in which it is constructed.2 Consequently, this considers my investigation and its outcomes were interesting in their own right. On the other hand, a few specialists, particularly the individuals who bolster the utilization of positivist strategies may see member perception as informal since the discoveries can't be checked in light of the fact that the examination can't be repeated; some may see it as an emotional exploration technique instead of a goal one. Moreover, moral issues emerge since no educated assent was given, as this investigation was an incognito perception. With respect to freak conduct and minimization, there was one central gathering that disrupted the guidelines of the standards of conduct. This may have been on the grounds that the members were in a gathering thus felt they had the ability to appear as something else; solidarity between the members in the gathering added to their certainty and may have give

Mental Health Begins in Early Childhood

Psychological wellness Begins in Early Childhood Kids mental advancement implies the progressions that occur as a youth creates and makes in association with being truly strong, objectively alert, earnestly solid, socially skilful and arranged to learn. The underlying five years of a youths life are on a fundamental level principal. They are the foundation that shapes youngsters future wellbeing, joy, advancement and learning achievement at school, in the family and gathering, and in life with everything taken into account. The exploration certifies that the underlying five years are particularly fundamental for the advancement of the children’s mind, and the underlying three years are the most segregating in trim the youths cerebrum basic building. Early experiences give the base to the brains various leveled improvement and working all through life. They immediaty affect how youths make learning capacities and social and energetic limits. The goal of this paper is to explain why many individuals unbalanced issues for society, stretching out from the mistake to complete auxiliary school to detainment to vagrancy, could be radically diminished if thought were paid to upgrading kids environmental factors and encounters that experiences the issue and their answers that ascents ahead throughout everyday life. Kids take in more quickly in the midst of their underlying years than at whatever other time throughout everyday life. They need love and supporting to make a sentiment of trust and security that changes into sureness as they create. Youngsters create, learn and make immediately when they get warmth and love, thought, support and mental prompting, and what's more nutritious and extraordinary human administrations (honkoff, 2014). Understanding the periods of kid mental turn of events and improvement assists people with grasping whats coming up and how to best sponsorship the adolescent as she or he creates and makes. In various settings, early immaturity ventures help people and their kids from the most punctual stages through age 8, which consolidates the fundamental move from home to class. All youths reserve the privilege to be raised in a family and to have passage to quality clinical administrations, incredible food, guidance, play and protection from harm, abuse and isolation (honkoff, 2014). Kids reserve the privilege to encounter youth in a situation wherein they are engaged to accomplish their most extreme limit throughout everyday life. It is the commitment of people, diverse parental figures and family members, gatherings, regular society and governments to ensure that these rights are respected, made sure about and fulfilled. Sound psychological well-being gives a key foundation of robustness that sponsorships every single distinctive piece of human advancement from the encircling of connections and the ability to adjust to setback to the achievement of accomplishment in school, work, and gathering life. Like the manner in which a shaky table may not limit well if the floor is lopsided, the legs are not balanced, or the tabletop isn't level, the destabilizing results of issues in psychological well-being could be made by various related segments. Essentially as meager wobbles in a table can get the chance to be more prominent and harder to change about the climate, the feasible organization of psychological well-being worries in childrens youth requires early unmistakable verification of the reasons and fitting respect for their source, regardless of whether they abide in nature, the kid, or (practically once in a while) in both. This report from the National Scientific Council on the Developing Child plo ts in clear vernacular why perceiving how excited thriving may be strengthened or vexed in front of timetable youth can assist policymakers with pushing the sorts of circumstances and experiences that thwart issues and quick early difficulties so they dont destabilize the developmental strategy. This report mirrors an improvement understanding that the traditional degree and gathering approach for instructive program with its weight on drill and practice of segregated, educational aptitudes doesn't reflect current data of human learning and fails to convey understudies who have the kind of higher-demand instinct and basic reasoning limits that will be required in the 21st century. Past accomplishment in upgrading basic aptitudes in the 3 Rs has not been coordinated by achievement in improving examining thankfulness, arrangement recognition, or math basic reasoning capacity. Moreover, it is clear that our schools are fail to convey future periods with even a working data of the trademark, physical, and sociologies, significantly less the sorts of minds that will make new learning in these areas. Especially, these national affiliations call for instructing to put progressively unmistakable complement on: dynamic learning reasonable finding that prompts seeing close by the acquirement of central capacities significant, significant learning experiences intelligent appearing and accommodating learning a wide extent of significant substance, consolidated across over standard point divisions Meanwhile, these national affiliations all things considered examine redundancy maintenance, bore and practice on separated academic aptitudes, instructor address, and dull seatwork. These national affiliations similarly have raised stresses over the negative effects of customary schedules for appraisal, particularly systematized paper-and-pencil, different choice achievement tests. There is extending recognition that instructive program change must be joined by testing change. National affiliations are at present calling for more execution based evaluations that change in accordance with current viewpoints of instructive module and even more exactly reflect youths Youth psychological well-being is equivalent to strong social and energetic advancement in adolescence, including things like making sense of how to communicate and coordinate emotions, surrounding close and secure individual associations, and exploring and inquiring about the earth. So why dont we call it youth social and enthusiastic improvement? Other than that being a lot of a sizable lump, the vernacular of emotional well-being is fundamental not only for its informational regard in battling disgrace against psychological well-being issues, also for its comprehended update that if we dont do our occupation with neutralizing activity with childrens youth, their issues may require progressively veritable interventions at some point not far off. We truly need them to make incredible emotional well-being in the nice sentiment of that term. References honkoff, J.P. (2014). A Healthy Start Before and After Birth: Applying the Biology of Adversity to Build the Capabilities of Caregivers. In K. McCartney, H. Yoshikawa, L.B. Forcier (Eds.), Improving the Odds for America’s Children (pp. 28-39).

Blog Archive Improve Yourself Keep Learning

Blog Archive Improve Yourself Keep Learning In this blog series, our mbaMission  Career Coaches  offer invaluable advice and industry-related news to help you actively manage your career. Topics include building your network, learning from mistakes and setbacks, perfecting your written communication, and mastering even the toughest interviews. To schedule a free half-hour consultation with one of our mbaMission Career Coaches,  click here. If you are looking for ways to grow and challenge yourself or develop your knowledge on a specific topic but are short on time, career developmentâ€"focused podcasts are a great resource. Here are some of our current favorites: TED: WorkLife with Adam Grant: Organizational psychologist Adam Grant takes you inside unconventional workplaces to explore the ideas we can all use to make work more meaningful and creative. NPR’s How I Built This with Guy Raz: Learn the stories behind some of the world’s best known companies by listening to innovators, entrepreneurs, and idealists share their experiences. HBR IdeaCast: Harvard Business Review’s executive editor, Sarah Green Carmichael, hosts this podcast, which features leading thinkers in business and management. Learn Educate Discover: Learn about different careers, what each is all about, and how to be a relevant candidate. Pivot Podcast with Jenny Blake: A former Google career coach interviews experts on how they stay agile in a rapidly shifting workforce.   We recommend you also seek out and listen to the podcasts of key influencers in your target market.   Finally, as you engage with leaders in your target marketplace, show your curiosity and engagement by keeping abreast of the top business news using an app like Flipboard, which is an easy and time-efficient way to see curated content and stay informed. What are your favorite career-related podcasts? Email us your suggestions at info@mbamission.com. We will take a listen and share them with our readers.     Have you been admitted to business school? If so, do you want to get a head start on defining your career goals? Do you need help preparing for job interviews or learning how to effectively network with your target employers? Or maybe you want to be a top performer in your current role but are unsure how to maximize your potential. Let an mbaMission Career Coach help via a  free 30-minute consultation! Share ThisTweet Career Advice

Science Experiments for Middle School Students

Personal Privacy in the Information Age - 1784 Words

Professor Kiehn English 302 3 October 2013 Personal Privacy in the Information Age Some of the most contentious and recurrent argumentative dialogues regarding civil liberties stem from what seems at face value, like a relatively elementary idea the notion of personal privacy. This debate could never be more relevant than in present day society, where globalization and advanced communications technologies have synergized to form a ubiquitous digital library of shared information. The specific example of the delicate balance between personal privacy and national security here in the United States has only further convoluted the issue the debate of whether and to what caliber citizens have privacy rights is hotly contested. As technology†¦show more content†¦Approximately 6 in 10 individuals disapproved of the governments collection of U.S. citizens phone records however around 75 of those polled agreed it was admissible to track the phone records of citizens suspected of te rrorist activity. In a poll conducted in April, shortly after the Boston Marathon bombings, results showed only 20 of individuals believed the government had exceeded the balance of intrusion and privacy, with 26 saying they hadnt done enough to maintain national security, and approximately 44 saying their was an adequate balance. Furthermore, approximately 6 in 10 individuals were not particularly concerned with government collection of their phone records and internet monitoring, with the other 4 being somewhat or very concerned (Kopicki). The results from these polls suggest American opinion on the matter is correlated more to occurrence of perceived terrorist threats, less so than concerns of personal privacy there is a new attitudinal awareness, and perhaps reluctant acceptance, of the omnipresence of electronic surveillance. Claiming an inherent right to privacy regarding electronic communications through constitutional evidence necessitates examination of the legalese regard ing such issues. There is no actual constitutional amendment that is dedicated to specifically protecting citizens information privacy rights regarding electronic media, with the FourthShow MoreRelatedPrivacy Risks in the Digital Age1271 Words   |  6 PagesPrivacy in Digital Age The Risk of Digital Age Indeed, the Digital age has been considered as one of the greatest development of the world today. It has brought different benefits to the lives of people and catered all their needs and wants. As the world gets into crave for things that are â€Å"quick and easy†, the Digital Age had posed threat to people’s privacy and security (Meeks, 2000). The advancement in new technologies and gadgets should not only be considered as something good that came intoRead MoreIs Personal Privacy At Risk From Social Media?1624 Words   |  7 PagesIs personal privacy at risk due to social media? Since the creation of the first social media site in the late 1990s, over 2 billion people around the world use social media every day. Over the past decade personal and professional life have gradually become overwhelmed with social media, such as Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter. What all these sites have in common is that they enable people to share, communicate, connect, and build careers while enjoying their social lives. In this world, people haveRead MorePrivacy Of The Digital Age Essay1082 Words   |  5 Pages100328915 Blair Hemstock Eng. 1100 November 24, 2016 Privacy in Digital Age The digital age provides individuals with numerous ways of innovative opportunities like recording data in an effective manner, electronic banking, online shopping, by violating privacy. Despite what might be expected, the national and global security framework needs components to check programmers and outsider interceptors, who can access delicate data and information, placed in various divisions of the financial frameworkRead MorePublic or Private?798 Words   |  3 Pagessociety, people are losing sight of how important privacy truly is. We, as Americans, may seem concerned about our privacy, but this â€Å"concern† does not stop us from acquiring the latest and greatest technology. Designers are building technology with no consideration of the security and privacy of their consumers. People are purchasing these new iPhones with fingerprint recognition and downloading different apps everyday with the thought of privacy and security in the back of their minds. Cell phonesR ead MoreA Brief Note On The Problem Of Privacy1385 Words   |  6 PagesApril 24, 2016 English 103 Prof. Goldman Research Paper The problem regarding privacy is one of the foremost discussed topics in today’s society where everyone has an abundant flow of information. Digitalized personal data and record of daily life can be spread through the internet very easily; thus, it made means of protecting that information more important than any time in the past, changing today’s perception about privacy from the past. 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In the 1960’s theRead MoreA Breach Of Childrens Online Privacy1715 Words   |  7 Pages A Breach of Children’s Online Privacy: Examining the Fourth Amendment and a Right to Privacy Regarding Mobile Apps Ina Salvaleon Berry College Citation Style: APA â€Æ' A Breach of Children’s Online Privacy: Examining the Fourth Amendment and a Right to Privacy Regarding Mobile Apps Children are more likely to be found on a technological device that can access the Internet than outside being physically active. While in many cases, they are knowledgeable online users, children are stillRead MoreShould Privacy Be Privacy? Essay751 Words   |  4 PagesIs it possible to have privacy in this day in age? Is somebody watching every move we make? These questions have been running through my mind ever since I got my iPhone. It’s terrifying to believe that someone could be watching me all the time. Although this isn’t on my mind every second of the day, it is something major to think about. 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The Epidemic Of Obesity And Diabetes Essay - 1432 Words

tually zero.’ That’s a reasonable estimate of the probability that public health authorities in the foreseeable future will successfully curb the worldwide epidemics of obesity and diabetes, at least according to Margaret Chan, the director general of the World Health Organization (WHO) – a person who should know. Virtually zero is the likelihood, Chan said at the National Academy of Medicine’s annual meeting in October, that she and her many colleagues worldwide will successfully prevent ‘a bad situation’ from ‘getting much worse’. That Chan also described these epidemics as a ‘slow-motion disaster’ suggests the critical nature of the problem: ‘population-wide’ explosions in the prevalence of obesity along with increases in the occurrence of diabetes that frankly strain the imagination: a disease that leads to blindness, kidney failure, amputation, heart disease and premature death, and that was virtuall y non-existent in hospital inpatient records from the mid-19th century, now afflicts one in 11 Americans; in some populations, as many as one in two adults are diabetic. In the midst of such a public health crisis, the obvious question to ask is why. Many reasons can be imagined for any public health failure, but we have no precedents for a failure of this magnitude. 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The nation has accepted the fact that we will have a high rise and development of cases of Diabetes in this century. Did you know that 20 million people have the disease, and that number is expected to double by 2025 (â€Å"Search Publications†)? A highly important control group in this disease is simply educating the countries on proper nutrition and food consumption rates. Another factor thatRead MoreHigh Fructose Corn Syrup : The Diabetic and Obesity Dangers Essay1280 Words   |  6 PagesHigh Fructose Corn Syrup: The Diabetic and Obesity Dangers Abstract: The use of high fructose corn syrup as a sweetener in various food and drink products has drastically affected the American people in the last three decades. Dominating 55% of the sweetener market because of its industrial benefits, HFCS’s increased use has caused dramatic effects in its consumers, including upsetting normal hormonal functions, destroying vital organs, nerves, and throwing off the body’s mineral balance. As theRead MoreObesity : A Serious Health Condition1452 Words   |  6 PagesObesity is a serious health condition that, if left untreated, causes serious health conditions. Contrary to popular belief, obesity is more than a condition caused by overeating and lack of exercise (Vallor 2013). Obesity is a disease (Callahan 2013); a disease that Americans are spending about $150 billion on annually (Zamosky 2013). Additionally, changing a person’s diet and exercise regimen may not be effective in some cases of obesity (Vallor 2013). O besity is not like most well-known diseases;Read MoreEquity Theory and Childhood Obesity1429 Words   |  6 Pages, Weihrich, H. (2008). Essentials of Management. New York: McGraw Hill. Montana, P., Charnov, B. (2008). Management. Hauppauge, NY: Barrons Educational Services. Part 2 Childhood Obesity Literature Review One of the more serious issues affecting the developed world today is the issue of obesity and the link between being overweight and disease. 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Discuss the Concerns Raised by Users Regarding to the Usefulness of Aasb 117 Essay Example For Students

Discuss the Concerns Raised by Users Regarding to the Usefulness of Aasb 117 Essay INTROUDCTION AASB 117 Leases requires lessees to classify leases as either finance leases or operating leases. The accounting treatment required under each approach is very different and this has raised concerns by investors and other financial statement users regarding the usefulness of the information provided. This essay will critically discuss and the criticisms and usefulness of lease accounting treatment. It will also examine lessee firm’s responses to Australian Standard 117 Accounting for Leases. Definition of capital and operating lease AASB 117 provides the current rules for leases. In general terms, the lessee classifies leasing transactions under one of two categories. The current state of practice requires the capitalisation of certain lease contract that meet specific criteria related to the transfer of substantially all the benefits and risks of ownership from the lessor to the lessee. If sufficient risks and rewards of ownership are transferred to the lessee, the lessee records the transaction as a purchase (i. e. a capital lease); absent the transfer of sufficient risks and rewards of ownership, the lessee records the transaction as a rental (i. e. , an operating lease). Issues The existing accounting model for leases has been criticized for failing to meet the needs of users of financial statements. IASB and FASB noted a number of criticisms of the existing accounting requirements, including the following The existence of two very different accounting models for lea ses means that similar transactions can be accounted for very differently. This reduces comparability for users. Preparers and auditors have criticised the existing model for its complexity. In particular, it has proved difficult to define the dividing line between finance leases and operating leases in a principled way. Consequently, the standards use a mixture of subjective judgments and ‘bright-line’ tests that can be difficult apply The dominant issue is there are significant and growing differences between the accounting model for leases and other contractual arrangements. Whether lease should be classified as finance/capital leases or operating leases, has essential influences on other issues such as capitalisation of finance/capital leases and disclosure of operating leases by lessees. Without a clear distinction between a finance/ capital lease and an operating lease, it is unlikely that the lessee be required to capitalise the lease. This has led to inconsistent accounting for arrangements that meet the definition of a lease and similar arrangement that do not. According to AASB 117, the operating lease structure is a form of off-balance sheet accounting, which means the lease obligation is not reported as a liability on the balance sheet. Critics claims that as a result of desirability of operating lease classification, lease parties commonly structure leases in such a way to avoid capital lease accounting by a thin margin and uses it as a source of off-balance-sheet financing This is a source of unrecognised financing and it can be difficult for users to understand. Moreover, the adjustments are inconsistent and frequently understate the lease obligations. Furthermore, the lack of transparency caused by current lease classification rules and the resulting lease structuring that occurs to avoid meeting those rules creates significant problems for users in assessing the true financial condition and risk of companies. It can even affects naively calculated debt-equity ratios, the â€Å" footnote only† disclosure and further lead to financial analysts making ‘faulty decisions’. Hence, the information available to users in the notes to the financial statement is insufficient for them to make reliable adjustments to the recognised amounts. Nevertheless, certainly, not all companies intentionally structure lease arrangements as operating leases for the sole purpose of avoiding balance-sheet capitalization and the resulting negative impacts on financial ratios. Indeed, operating leasing arrangements have many economic advantages, perhaps most notably in providing companies with access to capital that might not be available through other means CONCLUSION Following the presentation of different views and the arguments, it is concluded that the theoretical backgrounds underlying lease accounting issues are far from harmonious and the debate is expected to remain. .u6565a606619429535ee7cca35b928b72 , .u6565a606619429535ee7cca35b928b72 .postImageUrl , .u6565a606619429535ee7cca35b928b72 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6565a606619429535ee7cca35b928b72 , .u6565a606619429535ee7cca35b928b72:hover , .u6565a606619429535ee7cca35b928b72:visited , .u6565a606619429535ee7cca35b928b72:active { border:0!important; } .u6565a606619429535ee7cca35b928b72 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6565a606619429535ee7cca35b928b72 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6565a606619429535ee7cca35b928b72:active , .u6565a606619429535ee7cca35b928b72:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6565a606619429535ee7cca35b928b72 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6565a606619429535ee7cca35b928b72 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6565a606619429535ee7cca35b928b72 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6565a606619429535ee7cca35b928b72 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6565a606619429535ee7cca35b928b72:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6565a606619429535ee7cca35b928b72 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6565a606619429535ee7cca35b928b72 .u6565a606619429535ee7cca35b928b72-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6565a606619429535ee7cca35b928b72:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: One Child Policy In China EssayThese results suggest that the FASB should reexamine the current rules-based approach to leases and adopt a more principles-based approach requiring lessees to capitalize their economic interests in all significant noncancelable leases. Such an approach would result in an accounting treatment reflecting the economic substance of the transaction, rather than driving the structure of the transaction. Users could make more meaningful comparative evaluations of companies that engage in different types of leasing contracts and better assess the risk of companies that currently structure leases specifically to avoid lease capitalization.

Allure Cruise Line Case Study

Free Essays on Illusions The Adventure Of A Reluctant Messiah

â€Å"Illusions: The Adventures of a Reluctant Messiah† by Richard Bach focuses on the limitations people put on themselves and how we are brought down by these limitations. It's about the author, Richard Bach who lives by barnstorming, which means he flies around the Midwest selling rides in his airplane for $3 for ten minutes in the air. Used to happen all the time in the thirties, but by the time Richard's doing it, it's already the seventies. Not many barnstormers left. So you can imagine Bach's surprise when he runs into another barnstormer. As it turns out, this other guy, by the name of Donald Shimoda, is a man who people thought was the Messiah. Donald tells these people that he is not god but has a piece of god inside himself and so does everybody use and once people stop putting limitations on themselves is when they will be able to be at peace. He begins to teach Richard his ideals and methods with the help of a book called the Messiah Handbook. Richard Bach takes to the air to discover the ageless truths that give our souls wings: that people don't need airplanes to soar...that even the darkest clouds have meaning once we lift ourselves above them... and that messiahs can be found in the unlikeliest placeslike hay fields, one-traffic-light Midwestern towns, and most of all, deep within ourselves. Illusions, many consider Richard’s second worldwide success a true spiritual classic. Published in 1977, seven years after "Jonathan Livingston Seagull" was published. Illusions was adopted warmly and cherished by all races over the world. Why do I like Richard Bach? The real question should be where to start listing reasons? I love the writing style, I love both major characters, I love the concept of barnstorming, of flying, and of a messiah who quit because he didn't like it. I love all the quotes from the Messiah Handbook. I love the blue feather on the cover. There is absolutely nothing about this book that I DON'T love... Free Essays on Illusions The Adventure Of A Reluctant Messiah Free Essays on Illusions The Adventure Of A Reluctant Messiah â€Å"Illusions: The Adventures of a Reluctant Messiah† by Richard Bach focuses on the limitations people put on themselves and how we are brought down by these limitations. It's about the author, Richard Bach who lives by barnstorming, which means he flies around the Midwest selling rides in his airplane for $3 for ten minutes in the air. Used to happen all the time in the thirties, but by the time Richard's doing it, it's already the seventies. Not many barnstormers left. So you can imagine Bach's surprise when he runs into another barnstormer. As it turns out, this other guy, by the name of Donald Shimoda, is a man who people thought was the Messiah. Donald tells these people that he is not god but has a piece of god inside himself and so does everybody use and once people stop putting limitations on themselves is when they will be able to be at peace. He begins to teach Richard his ideals and methods with the help of a book called the Messiah Handbook. Richard Bach takes to the air to discover the ageless truths that give our souls wings: that people don't need airplanes to soar...that even the darkest clouds have meaning once we lift ourselves above them... and that messiahs can be found in the unlikeliest placeslike hay fields, one-traffic-light Midwestern towns, and most of all, deep within ourselves. Illusions, many consider Richard’s second worldwide success a true spiritual classic. Published in 1977, seven years after "Jonathan Livingston Seagull" was published. Illusions was adopted warmly and cherished by all races over the world. Why do I like Richard Bach? The real question should be where to start listing reasons? I love the writing style, I love both major characters, I love the concept of barnstorming, of flying, and of a messiah who quit because he didn't like it. I love all the quotes from the Messiah Handbook. I love the blue feather on the cover. There is absolutely nothing about this book that I DON'T love...

Deferent Situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Deferent Situation - Essay Example Whether it is the basic needs or needs with a greater importance on this hierarchy, the needs have to be catered to and only than can a proper relationship be created between the workforce and the management. If one was to analyze the effect of money in terms of its role as a motivating tool, it could be seen that its effect is only short-lived and consistent usage of this tool could only result in dissatisfaction on the behalf of the workforce and an overall negative relationship would be created. The management needs to establish the needs before taking any action as a demotivated workforce can have serious negative effects of the productivity, and work quality. In order to cater to the higher needs along the pyramid such a the need of self-esteem etc, the management would need to make use of non-monetary motivating tools such as words of praise, acknowledgement of work, management by objectives etc which would allow the workforce to feel like an integral part of the company. Answer: 2 This paper would review two important components of power defined as visible and invisible power. Visible power as the words themselves explain is seen as the first face of power and is the vocal part of power itself. It can be evidenced through the participatory behavior in the decision making process and as a result, the decision making can be influenced as well. Having a pluralist sense of power, one is able to observe the effect and activities pertaining to this power as well. The other form of power which this paper would be looking at would be the invisible form of power. It can be defined as that power which allows the decision making bodies to shape the requirement and wants of the people according to their actions and decisions. One is able to observe this sense of power in the social, cultural, ideological values and norms as through our practices we are able to at out this sense of power. While visible power can be observed, that is not the case with this form of power as one s not always able to observe this sense of power. The sources of power are money, intelligence, hard work, information and lastly the position that a person has. The strength of these sources determines the strength f the power itself. The basic two components of power itself; motivation and resources-decide the level of power than an individual has. Those people who take a more hands-on approach and are seen as more active decision makers are usually described as visible power seekers wile those who sit on the sidelines merely observing and guiding the processes are defined as invisible power seekers. Answer 3: Summary diagram: Dioxin Produced Decrease in mercury levels PVCs decrease Greater biological swath Incinerators down b) The article presents a number of stakeholders and all of them have an interest in terms of their own earnings, health or community health. The following stakeholders were identified as having an interest this venture and

Pedagogical Principles for Teaching and Learning Coursework

Pedagogical Principles for Teaching and Learning - Coursework Example To some children it might be their first experience in a group setting although to other who possibly might have attended toddler groups, day care, or even home setting but with a childminder to name but a few, it might be a continuation of a group experience. Whichever the case, a practitioner is an important person in a child’s learning at this stage. A practitioner in this case might include a teacher, health visitor, portage workers, speech therapist, or a district nurses among other cadres along those lines. Practitioners play a very important role in the children learning and should therefore draw on a range of teaching strategies and child development knowledge. If anything children deepen their knowledge through playing, planning, observing, questioning, testing, experimenting, reflecting, repeating, and reacting to adults and also to each other. In this case, practitioners ought to plan the highest quality learning experiences, putting into consideration the learning needs and achievements of the children and the scope of their learning experiences that will enable them progress. ... There are a number of important lessons that should be leant from plays as far as childhood education is concerned. Play should be child-centered where the teacher sets the activities, but also allows children to explore and engage in the tasks making up these plays in order to develop their learning, if anything, learning is not always about setting out tasks but most importantly, making sure that children have developed these tasks or seeing whether they have met the learning objectives as set-out by the practitioner as part of the learning process. This has been reinforced by Fromberg (2002), when he points out that when a teacher asks children to do a task with them, they automatically label this as an activity. This therefore shows just how important it is for a practitioner to strike a balance between play and tasks for children. It is important for the practitioners not to separate pedagogy, learning and behavior through play, but to integrate this into a curriculum, as adult intervention is important as organized play places a great contribution to children’s learning and development. The quality of adult interaction in planning children’s play and organizing the play environment all has a part in the contribution towards children’s learning and in enabling them to learn how to function successfully within and out of the classroom environment (Samuelsson & Carlsson 2008). This adult intervention is particularly important in that it establishes the children’s relationships with children while planning the both the learning environment and the curriculum. It is also the role of childhood education practitioner to not only support but also extend children play, learning and development, while assessing their

Bmw Films Essay Example for Free

Bmw Films Essay The primary issue faced by Jim McDowell is what to do for his next marketing campaign. He will need to decide what direction BMW will take in order to stay current in the target market and position the brand as the leader in the luxury car industry. A sub issue that Jim is facing is that in order for BMW to stand out compare to the competition, it must be at the forefront of the marketing trend. There is always pressure on innovative marketing campaigns as a bad campaign can lead to severe damage in the company image and reputation. Decision Alternatives. There are a number of alternatives that Jim faces when deciding in what direction to move with the BMW marketing campaign. Develop more short films and build a big series out of it. Develop a full length movie for the theatres Do nothing to the existing campaign and move on to develop a new campaign To continue to use the existing BMW films plus developing a new campaign Creating new films on the heels of the original films plus developing a new campaign Develop a full length movie plus developing a new campaign In order to decide the best alternative it is important to look at some key decision criteria. In this case the important factors would be: delivery time, risk, cost, competitive advantage, ease of implementation. Analysis of Industry In the luxury car segment, BMW and Mercedes have stand strong against the strong competition from Japan like Acura, Lexus, Infiniti. In year 2001, BMW is second best luxury car seller, just behind Lexus amount the other ten major luxury brands. However, BMW only ranked 8th in media expenditures, which again proved the great success on their innovative campaign. In terms of customer loyalty, luxury brand customers do tend to stay among the top brands and are very loyal. There are always customers who switch from BMW to Mercedes or the other way around. Since BMW has the competitive advantage of a younger clientele, it is very important for BMW to create marketing campaign to young adult so they can look forward to own a BMW when they can afford one. Analysis of Company Evaluation of Alternatives Alternative #1, 2, and 3 should only be considered as a short term alternative that can achieve quick beneficial results with no long term prospects because all the alternatives evolve around the same film concept, which eventually will wear out and target audience will not be interested in it anymore. Alternative #4 takes into account with BMW’s long term goal, to be the leader in the industry with innovative campaigns. However, developing a new concept takes time and research before implementation, therefore some immediate alternatives needs to be done before the new campaign kicks in. Alternative #5, 6, or 7 will achieve that goal. Alternative #5 Introduce the BMW films to new markets that may have missed the online films during the campaign period will enable BMW to entice an entirely new segment. By showing the films throughother mediums, BMW will be able to reach a wider audience plus raising the brand awareness. Since this campaign is so successful and unique, BMW can also produce DVD and make itas a collectible item. This alternative is easy to implement, low cost to run, low risk as the campaign is already running with huge success with good reputation. However, other companies may copy the idea and there is a chance that BMW will lose its competitive advantage as the films are getting overly exposed to the original audiences that BMW targeted during the initial campaign period. Therefore, developing another campaign while this is running is necessary in order to achieve BMW’s long term marketing goal. Alternative #6 The other option would be to follow up with another series of films on the heels of the original films. BMW would want to keep the number of films low to try and blend them into the successful original films and not to market them as another series of short films. This alternative will require some time to prepare, and the cost will be much higher in comparison to Alternative #5, which will make it harder as BMW will need more resources in creating a new campaign at the same time. It is easy to implement as all the ground works are in place from the previous films. However, this alternative will have a higher risk than other options due to the high anticipation of BMW to produce high quality films. If any of the film receives negative feedbacks, BMW will risk losing out on the campaign inwhole, plus the reputation of the series. BMW will still keep its competitive advantage with this alternative as they are still the one who leads the marketing trend. Alternative #7 Creating a full length movie can be the next big campaignfor BMW. It is a new approach and will make the brand stand out of all others. The target audience is also much wider in comparison to the initial campaign. It will take a long time to implement, and not as easy as short films because a full length film is more complicated in terms of plot and production. The cost will also go veryhigh that may use up all of BMW’s resources in marketing. It is a two sided sword because if BMW is not placed enough in the film there is no difference in doing product placement in the James Bond movie series; meanwhile if BMW is overly exposed in the film it may create negative feedbacks as it will look like an hour long commercial. The interest level of audience will also be much lower in watching a long commercial than a short film. Decision Criteria Chart Here is the chart for the best 3 alternatives: (X? low score, XXX? high score) Recommendation Based on the analysis above it is evident that the appropriate course of action is to utilize the existing movies in the short term while developing a new full scale marketing plan in the background. By utilizing the existing films BMW will be able to quickly get to market films that they have already completed. They will ride the coat tails of the internet marketing, however by introducing the films to another target markets, BMW will hopefully build on the impact created by the original films. There is relatively low risk to this model because BMW has already invested in the films and by using different mediums to convey their message it is likely that an entirely new market segment will appreciate the films as the original audience did. Although the potential payback may not as great as some off the wall innovative idea, the concept behind releasing the films to a different audience should allow more time and resources to develop another new campaign. If there are enough resources, BMW can also consider creating 1 or 2 more films to avoid losing the competitive advantage toward the target audience.

Reformations of School Essay -- Essays Papers

Reformations of School Education plays a fundamental role in the development of any nation. History is witness that those nations who did not recognized the importance of education were doomed, and education played a key role in the success of the developed nations. A successful country like America faces many challenges regarding education. Some of these challenges are: how to better achieve educational opportunity, and to find ways to deal with such problems and educational dilemmas for American children. To find the answers and solutions to these problems we can not ignore the dialogue of reforming of schools, instead, new ways of education, restructuring of American schools, and recommendations to improve might be the only answer to these problems. In the following paragraphs, problems like weak curriculum and poor standards in the schools have been identified, and recommendations have been made to eliminate these problems. Also the problems and errors regarding the distribution of funds by the governm ent for the schools have been addressed, and recommendations have been made that these funding should be distributed equally and accordingly to the states. The federal government should take this issue more seriously and assist the states on a greater level. It is a very sad fact that even now when we have entered the 21st century, a first world country like America which is supposed to be a role model for the rest of the world is facing the problem of poor standards in their schools such as goals, expectations, and requirements. There is a great contradiction on people’s standards vs. the school’s standards. People set high standards that are very hard and sometimes impossible to achieve by students and teachers, whereas some schools do not match these standards and even pass kids who cannot read or have poor educational skills. In order to have high academic standards there has to be high performance in public education systems. The system needs to be changed fundamentally. Teachers can play an important role and should come together on a common platform to achieve a common goal and that is the improved quality of education. Good communication between school, school boards, and school administration is very important, so teachers can be heard and listened to. School should only hire highly qualified and proficient teachers. Students are usually int... ...me states there is five times as much spending on students in some school districts as in others ($15,744 versus $2,932 during 1994-95 in Illinois, for example)† (by Patricia Albjerg Graham, article#1). If we observe the above data, it is very noticeable that federal government is playing a less active role in financing the education. One way to provide high quality of education is that federal government should get more involve with the current schooling system. Parents in general public can play their part and instead of criticizing the present system, they should elect the candidates in the government who give higher priority for the education and reserve more funds for the improvement and reforming of the school systems. Bibliography: References: Textual Resources: a) Article #1 (Educational dilemma for Americans). b) Article #2 (Restoring the impulse to Dream). c) Article #3 (How to teach a children). d) Class notes. Non-textual Resources: a) American School Board Journal (March 2000 issue). b) Http://education-world.com. c) Reforming American Education from the Bottom to the Top by Evans Clinchy. d) One on one conversation with parents.

Machiavelli the Art of War

Machiavelli_0523 09/15/2005 09:27 AM THE ONLINE LIBRARY OF LIBERTY Â © Liberty Fund, Inc. 2005 http://oll. libertyfund. org/Home3/index. php NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI, THE ART OF WAR (NEVILLE TRANS. ) (1675) URL of this E-Book: http://oll. libertyfund. org/EBooks/Machiavelli_0523. pdf URL of original HTML file: http://oll. libertyfund. org/Home3/HTML. php? recordID=0523 ABOUT THE AUTHOR Machiavelli was an Italian Renaissance political philosopher who wrote a famous piece of advice to The Prince on how to get and keep political power.ABOUT THE BOOK A translation by Neville, a leading English republican thinker of the 17th century, of one of the few major works of Machiavelli published in his lifetime. Machiavelli drew on his own experiences of the nearly constant warfare in which the Italian city states were involved, as well as his deep knowledge of Roman history. THE EDITION USED The Seven Books on the Art of War, by Niccolo Machiavelli, Citizen and Secretary of Florence, trans. Henry Ne ville (1675). COPYRIGHT INFORMATION The text of this edition is in the public domain.FAIR USE STATEMENT This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit. http://oll. libertyfund. org/Home3/EBook. php? recordID=0523 Page 1 of 106 Machiavelli_0523 09/15/2005 09:27 AM _______________________________________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE FIRST BOOK SECOND BOOK THIRD BOOK FOURTH BOOK FIFTH BOOK SIXTH BOOK SEVENTH BOOK ______________________________________________________ NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI, THE ART OF WAR (NEVILLE TRANS. ) (1675) PREFACE BY NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI CITIZEN AND SECRETARY OF FLORENCE ON THE BOOKS ON THE ART OF WAR TO LORENZO DI FILIPPO STROZZI, A GENTLEMAN OF FLORENCE Many, Lorenzo, have held and still hold the opinion, that there is nothing which has l ess in common with another, and that is so dissimilar, as civilian life is from the military.Whence it is often observed, if anyone designs to avail himself of an enlistment in the army, that he soon changes, not only his clothes, but also his customs, his habits, his voice, and in the presence of any civilian custom, he goes to pieces; for I do not believe that any man can dress in civilian clothes who wants to be quick and ready for any violence; nor can that man have civilian customs and habits, who judges those customs to be effeminate and those habits not conducive to his actions; nor does it seem right to him to maintain his ordinary appearance and voice who, with his beard and cursing, wants to make other men afraid: which makes such an opinion in these times to be very true.But if they should consider the ancient institutions, they would not find matter more united, more in conformity, and which, of necessity, should be like to each other as much as these (civilian and milit ary); for in all the arts that are established in a society for the sake of the common good of men, all those institutions created to (make people) live in fear of the laws and of God would be in vain, if their defense had not been http://oll. libertyfund. org/Home3/EBook. php? recordID=0523 Page 2 of 106 Machiavelli_0523 09/15/2005 09:27 AM people) live in fear of the laws and of God would be in vain, if their defense had not been provided for and which, if well arranged, will maintain not only these, but also those that are not well established.And so (on the contrary), good institutions without the help of the military are not much differently disordered than the habitation of a superb and regal palace, which, even though adorned with jewels and gold, if it is not roofed over will not have anything to protect it from the rain. And, if in any other institutions of a City and of a Republic every diligence is employed in keeping men loyal, peaceful, and full of the fear of God, it i s doubled in the military; for in what man ought the country look for greater loyalty than in that man who has to promise to die for her? In whom ought there to be a greater love of peace, than in him who can only be injured by war? In whom ought there to be a greater fear of God than in him who, undergoing infinite dangers every day, has more need for His aid?If these necessities in forming the life of the soldier are well considered, they are found to be praised by those who gave the laws to the Commanders and by those who were put in charge of military training, and followed and imitated with all diligence by others. But because military institutions have become completely corrupt and far removed from the ancient ways, these sinister opinions have arisen which make the military hated and intercourse with those who train them avoided. And I, judging, by what I have seen and read, that it is not impossible to restore its ancient ways and return some form of past virtue to it, have decided not to let this leisure time of mine pass without doing something, to write what I know of the art of war, to the satisfaction of those who are lovers of the ancient deeds.And although it requires courage to treat of those matters of which others have made a profession, none the less, I do not believe that it is a mistake to occupy a position with words, which may, with greater presumption, have been occupied with deeds; for the errors which I should make in writing can be corrected without injury to anyone, but those which are made with deeds cannot be found out except by the ruin of the Commanders. You, Lorenzo, will therefore consider the quality of these efforts of mine, and will give in your judgement of them that censure or praise which will appear to you to be merited. I send you these, as much as to show myself grateful for all the benefits I have received from you, although I will not include in them the (review) of this work of mine, as well as also, because being accustomed to honor similar works of those who shine because of their nobility, wealth, genius, and liberality, I know you do not have many equals in wealth and nobility, few in ingenuity, and no one in liberality. FIRST BOOKAs I believe that it is possible for one to praise, without concern, any man after he is dead since every reason and supervision for adulation is lacking, I am not apprehensive in praising our own Cosimo Ruccelai, whose name is never remembered by me without tears, as I have recognized in him those parts which can be desired in a good friend among friends and in a citizen of his country. For I do not know what pertained to him more than to spend himself willingly, not excepting that courage of his, for his friends, and I do not know of any enterprise that dismayed him when he knew it was for the good of his country. And I confess freely not to http://oll. libertyfund. org/Home3/EBook. php? recordID=0523 Page 3 of 106 Machiavelli_0523 09/15/2005 09:27 AM hat dism ayed him when he knew it was for the good of his country. And I confess freely not to have met among so many men whom I have known and worked with, a man in whom there was a mind more fired with great and magnificent things. Nor does one grieve with the friends of another of his death, except for his having been born to die young unhonored within his own home, without having been able to benefit anyone with that mind of his, for one would know that no one could speak of him, except (to say) that a good friend had died. It does not remain for us, however, or for anyone else who, like us, knew him, to be able because of this to keep the faith (since deeds do not seem to) to his laudable qualities.It is true however, that fortune was not so unfriendly to him that it did not leave some brief memory of the dexterity of his genius, as was demonstrated by some of his writings and compositions of amorous verses, in which (as he was not in love) he (employed as an) exercise in order not to u se his time uselessly in his juvenile years, in order that fortune might lead him to higher thoughts. Here, it can be clearly comprehended, that if his objective was exercise, how very happily he described his ideas, and how much he was honored in his poetry. Fortune, however, having deprived us of the use of so great a friend, it appears to me it is not possible to find any other better remedy than for us to seek to benefit from his memory, and recover from it any matter that was either keenly observed or wisely discussed.And as there is nothing of his more recent than the discussions which the Lord Fabrizio Colonna had with him in his gardens, where matters pertaining to war were discussed at length by that Lord, with (questions) keenly and prudently asked by Cosimo, it seemed proper to me having been present with other friends of ours, to recall him to memory, so that reading it, the friends of Cosimo who met there will renew in their minds the memory of his virtue, and another p art grieving for not having been there, will learn in part of many things discussed wisely by a most sagacious man useful not only to the military way of life, but to the civilian as well. I will relate, therefore, how Fabrizio Colonna, when he returned from Lombardy where he had fought a long time gloriously for the Catholic King, decided to pass through Florence to rest several days in that City in order to visit His Excellency the Duke, and see again several gentlemen with whom he had been familiar in the past.Whence it appeared proper to Cosimo to invite him to a banquet in his gardens, not so much to show his generosity as to have reason to talk to him at length, and to learn and understand several things from him, according as one can hope to from such a man, for it appeared to him to give him an opportunity to spend a day discussing such matters as would satisfy his mind. Fabrizio, therefore, came as planned, and was received by Cosimo together with several other loyal friend s of his, among whom were Zanobi Buondelmonti, Battista Della Palla, and Luigi Alamanni, young men most ardent in the same studies and loved by him, whose good qualities, because they were also praised daily by himself, we will omit. Fabrizio, therefore, was honored according to the times and the place, with all the highest honors they could give him.As soon as the convivial pleasures were past and the table cleared and every arrangement of feasting finished, which, in the presence of great men and those who have their minds turned to honorable thoughts is soon accomplished, and because the day was long and the heat intense, Cosimo, in order to satisfy their desire better, judged it would be well to take the opportunity to escape the heat by leading them to the more secret and shadowy part of his garden: when they arrived there and chairs brought out, some sat on the grass which was most fresh in the http://oll. libertyfund. org/Home3/EBook. php? recordID=0523 Page 4 of 106 Machiave lli_0523 09/15/2005 09:27 AM hey arrived there and chairs brought out, some sat on the grass which was most fresh in the place, some sat on chairs placed in those parts under the shadow of very high trees; Fabrizio praised the place as most delightful, and looking especially at the trees, he did not recognize one of them, and looked puzzled. Cosimo, becoming aware of this said: Perhaps you have no knowledge of some of these trees, but do not wonder about them, because here are some which were more widely known by the ancients than are those commonly seen today. And giving him the name of some and telling him that Bernardo, his grandfather, had worked hard in their culture, Fabrizio replied: I was thinking that it was what you said I was, and this place and this study make me remember several Princes of the Kingdom, who delighted in their ancient culture and the shadow they cast.And stopping speaking of this, and somewhat upon himself as though in suspense, he added: If I did not thi nk I would offend you, I would give you my opinion: but I do not believe in talking and discussing things with friends in this manner that I insult them. How much better would they have done (it is said with peace to everyone) to seek to imitate the ancients in the strong and rugged things, not in the soft and delicate, and in the things they did under the sun, not in the shadows, to adopt the honest and perfect ways of antiquity, not the false and corrupt; for while these practices were pleasing to my Romans, my country (without them) was ruined. To which Cosimo replied (but to avoid the necessity of having to repeat so many times who is speaking, and what the other adds, only the names of those speaking will be noted, without repeating the others).Cosimo, therefore, said: You have opened the way for a discussion which I desired, and I pray you to speak without regard, for I will question you without regard; and if, in questioning or in replying, I accuse or excuse anyone, it will not be for accusing or excusing, but to understand the truth from you. FABRIZIO: And I will be much content to tell you what I know of all that you ask me; whether it be true or not, I will leave to your judgement. And I will be grateful if you ask me, for I am about to learn as much from what you ask me, as you will from me replying to you, because many times a wise questioner causes one to consider many things and understand many others which, without having been asked, would never have been understood.COSIMO: I want to return to what you first were saying, that my grandfather and those of yours had more wisely imitated the ancients in rugged things than in delicate ones, and I want to excuse my side because I will let you excuse the other (your side). I do not believe that in your time there was a man who disliked living as softly as he, and that he was so much a lover of that rugged life which you praise: none the less he recognized he could not practice it in his personal life, nor in that of his sons, having been born in so corrupted an age, where anyone who wanted to depart from the common usage would be deformed and despised by everyone. For if anyone in a naked state should thrash upon the sand under the highest sun, or upon the snow in the most icy months of winter, as did Diogenes, he would be considered mad.If anyone (like the Spartan) should raise his children on a farm, make them sleep in the open, go with head and feet bare, bathe in cold water in order to harden them to endure vicissitudes, so that they then might love life less and fear death less, he would be praised by few and followed by none. So that dismayed at these ways of living, he presently leaves the ways of the ancients, and in imitating antiquity, does only that which he can with little wonderment. http://oll. libertyfund. org/Home3/EBook. php? recordID=0523 Page 5 of 106 Machiavelli_0523 09/15/2005 09:27 AM ancients, and in imitating antiquity, does only that which he can with li ttle wonderment. FABRIZIO: You have excused him strongly in this part, and certainly you speak the truth: but I did not speak so much of these rugged ays of living, as of those other more human ways which have a greater conformity to the ways of living today, which I do not believe should have been difficult to introduce by one who is numbered among the Princes of a City. I will never forego my examples of my Romans. If their way of living should be examined, and the institutions in their Republic, there will be observed in her many things not impossible to introduce in a Society where there yet might be something of good. COSIMO: What are those things similar to the ancients that you would introduce? FABRIZIO: To honor and reward virtu, not to have contempt for poverty, to esteem the modes and orders of military discipline, to constrain citizens to love one another, to live without factions, to esteem less the private than the public good, and other such things which could easily b e added in these times.It is not difficult to persuade (people) to these ways, when one considers these at length and approaches them in the usual manner, for the truth will appear in such (examinations) that every common talent is capable of undertaking them. Anyone can arrange these things; (for example), one plants trees under the shadow of which he lives more happily and merrily than if he had not (planted them). COSIMO: I do not want to reply to anything of what you have spoken, but I do want leave to give a judgment on these, which can be easily judged, and I shall address myself to you who accuse those who in serious and important actions are not imitators of the ancients, thinking that in this way I can more easily carry out my intentions.I should want, therefore, to know from you whence it arises that, on the one hand you condemn those who do not imitate the ancients in their actions, on the other hand, in matters of war which is your profession and in which you are judged to be excellent, it is not observed that you have employed any of the ancient methods, or those which have some similarity. FABRIZIO: You have come to the point where I expected you to, for what I said did not merit any other question, nor did I wish for any other. And although I am able to save myself with a simple excuse, none the less I want, for your greater satisfaction and mine, since the season (weather) allows it, to enter into a much longer discussion. Men who want to do something, ought first to prepare themselves with all industry, in order [when the opportunity is seen] to be prepared to achieve that which they have proposed. And whenever the preparations are undertaken cautiously, unknown to anyone, no none can be ccused of negligence unless he is first discovered by the occasion; in which if it is not then successful, it is seen that either he has not sufficiently prepared himself, or that he has not in some part given thought to it. And as the opportunity has not come to me to be able to show the preparations I would make to bring the military to your ancient organization, and it I have not done so, I cannot be blamed either by you or by others. I believe this excuse is enough to respond to your accusation. COSIMO: It would be enough if I was certain that the opportunity did not present itself. http://oll. libertyfund. org/Home3/EBook. php? recordID=0523 Page 6 of 106 Machiavelli_0523 09/15/2005 09:27 AMFABRIZIO: But because I know you could doubt whether this opportunity had come about or not, I want to discuss at length [if you will listen to me with patience] which preparations are necessary to be made first, what occasion needs to arise, what difficulty impedes the preparations from becoming beneficial and the occasion from arriving, and that this is [which appears a paradox] most difficult and most easy to do. COSIMO: You cannot do anything more pleasing for me and for the others than this. But if it is not painful for you to speak, it will never be painful for us to listen. But at this discussion may be long, I want help from these, my friends, and with your permission, and they and I pray you one thing, that you do not become annoyed if we sometimes interrupt you with some opportune question.FABRIZIO: I am most content that you, Cosimo, with these other young people here, should question me, for I believe that young men will become more familiar with military matters, and will more easily understand what I have to say. The others, whose hair (head) is white and whose blood is icy, in part are enemies of war and in part incorrigible, as those who believe that the times and not the evil ways constrain men to live in such a fashion. So ask anything of me, with assurance and without regard; I desire this, as much because it will afford me a little rest, as because it will give me pleasure not to leave any doubts in your minds. I want to begin from your words, where you said to me that in war [which is my profession] I h ave not employed any of the ancient methods.Upon this I say, that this being a profession by which men of every time were not able to live honestly, it cannot be employed as a profession except by a Republic or a Kingdom; and both of these, if well established, will never allow any of their citizens or subjects to employ it as a profession: for he who practices it will never be judged to be good, as to gain some usefulness from it at any time he must be rapacious, deceitful, violent, and have many qualities, which of necessity, do not make him good: nor can men who employ this as a profession, the great as well as the least, be made otherwise, for this profession does not provide for them in peace.Whence they are obliged, either to hope that there will be no peace or to gain so much for themselves in times of war, that they can provide for themselves in times of peace. And wherever one of these two thoughts exists, it does not occur in a good man; for, from the desire to provide for oneself in every circumstance, robberies, violence and assassinations result, which such soldiers do to friends as well as to enemies: and from not desiring peace, there arises those deceptions which Captains perpetrate upon those whom they lead, because war hardens them: and even if peace occurs frequently, it happens that the leaders, being deprived of their stipends and of their licentious mode of living, raise a flag of piracy, and without any mercy sack a province.Do you not have within the memory of events of your time, many soldiers in Italy, finding themselves without employment because of the termination of wars, gathered themselves into very troublesome gangs, calling themselves companies, and went about levying tribute on the towns and sacking the country, without there being any remedy able to be applied? Have you not read how the Carthaginian soldiers, when the first war they engaged in with the Romans under Matus and Spendius was ended, tumultuously chose two leaders, and waged a more dangerous war against the Carthaginians than that which they had just concluded with the http://oll. libertyfund. org/Home3/EBook. php? recordID=0523 Page 7 of 106 Machiavelli_0523 09/15/2005 09:27 AM Romans?And in the time of our fathers, Francesco Sforza, in order to be able to live honorably (comfortably) in times of peace, not only deceived the Milanese, in whose pay he was, but took away their liberty and became their Prince. All the other soldiers of Italy, who have employed the military as their particular profession, have been like this man; and if, through their malignity, they have not become Dukes of Milan, so much more do they merit to be censured; for without such a return [if their lives were to be examined], they all have the same cares. Sforza, father of Francesco, constrained Queen Giovanna to throw herself into the arms of the King of Aragon, having abandoned her suddenly, and left her disarmed amid her enemies, only in order to satisfy his ambiti on of either levying tribute or taking the Kingdom.Braccio, with the same industry, sought to occupy the Kingdom of Naples, and would have succeeded, had he not been routed and killed at Aquilla. Such evils do not result from anything else other than the existence of men who employ the practice of soldiering as their own profession. Do you not have a proverb which strengthens my argument, which says: War makes robbers, and peace hangs them? For those who do not know how to live by another practice, and not finding any one who will support them in that, and not having so much virtu that they know how to come and live together honorably, are forced by necessity to roam the streets, and justice is forced to extinguish them.COSIMO: You have made me turn this profession (art) of soldiering back almost to nothing, and I had supposed it to be the most excellent and most honorable of any: so that if you do not clarify this better, I will not be satisfied; for if it is as you say, I do not k now whence arises the glory of Caesar, Pompey, Scipio, Marcellus, and of so many Roman Captains who are celebrated for their fame as the Gods. FABRIZIO: I have not yet finished discussing all that I proposed, which included two things: the one, that a good man was not able to undertake this practice because of his profession: the other, that a well established Republic or Kingdom would never permit its subjects or citizens to employ it for their profession. Concerning the first, I have spoken as much as has occurred to e: it remains for me to talk of the second, where I shall reply to this last question of yours, and I say that Pompey and Caesar, and almost all those Captains who were in Rome after the last Carthaginian war, acquired fame as valiant men, not as good men: but those who had lived before them acquired glory as valiant and good men: which results from the fact that these latter did not take up the practice of war as their profession; and those whom I named first as thos e who employed it as their profession. And while the Republic lived immaculately, no great citizen ever presumed by means of such a practice to enrich himself during (periods of) peace by breaking laws, despoiling the provinces, usurping and tyrannizing the country, and imposing himself in every way; nor did anyone of the lowest fortune think of violating the sacred agreement, adhere himself to any private individual, not fearing the Senate, or to perform any disgraceful act of tyranny in order to live at all times by the profession of war.But those who were Captains, being content with the triumph, returned with a desire for the private life; and those who were members (of the army) returned with a desire to lay down the arms they had taken up; and everyone returned to the art (trade or profession) by which they ordinarily lived; nor was there ever anyone who hoped to provide for himself by plunder and by means of these arts. A clear and evident example of this as it applies to gre at citizens can be found in the http://oll. libertyfund. org/Home3/EBook. php? recordID=0523 Page 8 of 106 Machiavelli_0523 09/15/2005 09:27 AM arts. A clear and evident example of this as it applies to great citizens can be found in the Regent Attilio, who, when he was captain of the Roman armies in Africa, and having almost defeated the Carthaginians, asked the Senate for permission to return to his house to look after his farms which were being spoiled by his laborers.Whence it is clearer than the sun, that if that man had practiced war as his profession, and by means of it thought to obtain some advantage for himself, having so many provinces which (he could) plunder, he would not have asked permission to return to take care of his fields, as each day he could have obtained more than the value of all his possessions. But as these good men, who do not practice war as their profession, do not expect to gain anything from it except hard work, danger, and glory, as soon as they are sufficiently glorious, desire to return to their homes and live from the practice of their own profession. As to men of lower status and gregarious soldiers, it is also true that every one voluntarily withdrew from such a practice, for when he was not fighting would have desired to fight, but when he was fighting wanted to be dismissed.Which illustrates the many ways, and especially in seeing that it was among the first privileges, that the Roman people gave to one of its Citizens, that he should not be constrained unwillingly to fight. Rome, therefore, while she was well organized [which it was up to the time of the Gracchi] did not have one soldier who had to take up this practice as a profession, and therefore had few bad ones, and these were severely punished. A well ordered City, therefore, ought to desire that this training for war ought to be employed in times of peace as an exercise, and in times of war as a necessity and for glory, and allow the public only to use it as a p rofession, as Rome did.And any citizen who has other aims in (using) such exercises is not good, and any City which governs itself otherwise, is not well ordered. COSIMO: I am very much content and satisfied with what you have said up to now, and this conclusion which you have made pleases me greatly: and I believe it will be true when expected from a Republic, but as to Kings, I do not yet know why I should believe that a King would not want particularly to have around him those who take up such a practice as their profession. FABRIZIO: A well ordered Kingdom ought so much the more avoid such artifices, for these only are the things which corrupt the King and all the Ministers in a Tyranny.And do not, on the other side, tell me of some present Kingdom, for I will not admit them to be all well ordered Kingdoms; for Kingdoms that are well ordered do not give absolute (power to) Rule to their Kings, except in the armies, for only there is a quick decision necessary, and, therefore, he who (rules) there must have this unique power: in other matters, he cannot do anything without counsel, and those who counsel him have to fear those whom he may have near him who, in times of peace, desire war because they are unable to live without it. But I want to dwell a little longer on this subject, and look for a Kingdom totally good, but similar to those that exist today, where those who take up the profession of war for themselves still ought to be feared by the King, for the sinews of armies without any doubt are the infantry.So that if a King does not organize himself in such a way that his infantry in time of peace are content to return to their homes and live from the practice of their own professions, it must happen of necessity that he will be ruined; for there is not to be found a more dangerous infantry than that which is composed of those who make the waging of war their profession; for you are http://oll. libertyfund. org/Home3/EBook. php? recordID=0523 Page 9 of 106 Machiavelli_0523 09/15/2005 09:27 AM that which is composed of those who make the waging of war their profession; for you are forced to make war always, or pay them always, or to risk the danger that they take away the Kingdom from you. To make war always is not possible: (and) one cannot pay always; and, hence, that danger is run of losing the State.My Romans [as I have said], as long as they were wise and good, never permitted that their citizens should take up this practice as their profession, notwithstanding that they were able to raise them at all times, for they made war at all times: but in order to avoid the harm which this continuous practice of theirs could do to them, since the times did not change, they changed the men, and kept turning men over in their legions so that every fifteen years they always completely re-manned them: and thus they desired men in the flower of their age, which is from eighteen to thirty five years, during which time their legs, their hand s, and their eyes, worked together, nor did they expect that their strength should decrease in them, or that malice should grow in them, as they did in corrupt times. Ottavianus first, and then Tiberius, thinking more of their own power than the public usefulness, in order to rule over the Roman people more easily, begun to disarm them and to keep the same armies continually at the frontiers of the Empire.And because they did not think it sufficient to hold the Roman People and the Senate in check, they instituted an army called the Praetorian (Guard), which was kept near the walls of Rome in a fort adjacent to that City. And as they now begun freely to permit men assigned to the army to practice military matters as their profession, there soon resulted that these men became insolent, and they became formidable to the Senate and damaging to the Emperor. Whence there resulted that many men were killed because of their insolence, for they gave the Empire and took it away from anyone t hey wished, and it often occurred that at one time there were many Emperors created by the several armies. From which state of affairs proceeded first the division of the Empire and finally its ruin.Kings ought, therefore, if they want to live securely, have their infantry composed of men, who, when it is necessary for him to wage war, will willingly go forth to it for love of him, and afterwards when peace comes, more willingly return to their homes; which will always happen if he selects men who know how to live by a profession other than this. And thus he ought to desire, with the coming of peace, that his Princes return to governing their people, gentlemen to the cultivation of their possessions, and the infantry to their particular arts (trades or professions); and everyone of these will willingly make war in order to have peace, and will not seek to disturb the peace to have war. COSIMO: Truly, this reasoning of yours appears to me well considered: none the less, as it is almo st contrary to what I have thought up to now, my mind is not yet purged of every doubt.For I see many Lords and Gentlemen who provide for themselves in times of peace through the training for war, as do your equals who obtain provisions from Princes and the Community. I also see almost all the men at arms remaining in the garrisons of the city and of the fortresses. So that it appears to me that there is a long time of peace for everyone. FABRIZIO: I do not believe that you believe this, that everyone has a place in time of peace; for other reasons can be cited for their being stationed there, and the small number of people who remain in the places mentioned by you will answer your question. What is the proportion http://oll. libertyfund. org/Home3/EBook. php? recordID=0523 Page 10 of 106 Machiavelli_0523 09/15/2005 09:27 AM of infantry needed to be employed in time of war to that in peace? or while the fortresses and the city are garrisoned in times of peace, they are much more gar risoned in times of war; to this should be added the soldiers kept in the field who are a great number, but all of whom are released in time of peace. And concerning the garrisons of States, who are a small number, Pope Julius and you have shown how much they are to be feared who do not know any other profession than war, as you have taken them out of your garrisons because of their insolence, and placed the Swiss there, who are born and raised under the laws and are chosen by the community in an honest election; so do not say further that in peace there is a place for every man.As to the men at arms continued in their enlistment in peace time, the answer appears more difficult. None the less, whoever considers everything well, will easily find the answer, for this thing of keeping on the men at arms is a corrupt thing and not good. The reason is this; as there are men who do not have any art (trade or profession), a thousand evils will arise every day in those States where they exi st, and especially so if they were to be joined by a great number of companions: but as they are few, and unable by themselves to constitute an army, they therefore, cannot do any serious damage. None the less, they have done so many times, as I said of Francesco and of Sforza, his father, and of Braccio of Perugia.So I do not approve of this custom of keeping men at arms, both because it is corrupt and because it can cause great evils. COSIMO: Would you do without them? , or if you keep them, how would you do so? FABRIZIO: By means of an ordinance, not like those of the King of France, because they are as dangerous and insolent as ours, but like those of the ancients, who created horsemen (cavalry) from their subjects, and in times of peace sent them back to their homes to live from the practice of their own profession, as I shall discuss at length before I finish this discussion. So, if this part of the army can now live by such a practice even when there is peace, it stems from a corrupt order.As to the provisions that are reserved for me and the other leaders, I say to you that this likewise is a most corrupt order, for a wise Republic ought not to give them to anyone, rather it ought to employ its citizens as leaders in war, and in time of peace desire that they return to their professions. Thus also, a wise King ought not to give (provisions) to them, or if he does give them, the reasons ought to be either as a reward for some excellent act, or in order to avail himself of such a man in peace as well as in war. And because you have mentioned me, I want the example to include me, and I say I have never practiced war as a profession, for my profession is to govern my subjects, and defend them, and in order to defend them, I must love peace but know how to make war; and my King does not reward and esteem me so much for what I know of war, as because I know also how to counsel him in peace.Any King ought not, therefore, to want to have next to him anyone who is not thusly constituted, if he is wise and wants to govern prudently; for if he has around him either too many lovers of peace or too many lovers of war, they will cause him to err. I cannot, in this first discussion of mine and according to my suggestion, say otherwise, and if this is not enough for you, you must seek one which satisfies you better. You can begin to recognize how much difficulty there is in bringing the ancient methods into modem wars, and what preparations a wise man must make, and what opportunities he can hope for to put them into execution. But little by little you will know these things better if the discussion on bringing any http://oll. libertyfund. org/Home3/EBook. php? recordID=0523 Page 11 of 106 Machiavelli_0523 09/15/2005 09:27 AM execution.But little by little you will know these things better if the discussion on bringing any part of the ancient institutions to the present order of things does not weary you. COSIMO: If we first desired to hear your discussion of these matters, truly what you have said up to now redoubles that desire. We thank you, therefore, for what we have had and ask you for the rest. FABRIZIO: Since this is your pleasure, I want to begin to treat of this matter from the beginning being able in that way to demonstrate it more fully, so that it may be better understood. The aim of those who want to make war is to be able to combat in the field with every (kind) of enemy, and to be able to win the engagement. To want to do this, they must raise an army.In raising an army, it is necessary to find men, arm them, organize them, train them in small and large (battle) orders, lodge them, and expose them to the enemy afterwards, either at a standstill or while marching. All the industry of war in the field is placed in these things, which are the more necessary and honored (in the waging of war). And if one does well in offering battle to the enemy, all the other errors he may make in the conduct of the war are su pportable: but if he lacks this organization, even though he be valiant in other particulars, he will never carry on a war to victory (and honor). For, as one engagement that you win cancels out every other bad action of yours, so likewise, when you lose one, all the things you have done well before become useless.Since it is necessary, therefore, first to find men, you must come to the Deletto (Draft) of them, as thus the ancients called it, and which we call Scelta (Selection): but in order to call it by a more honored name, I want us to preserve the name of Deletto. Those who have drawn up regulations for war want men to be chosen from temperate countries as they have spirit and are prudent; for warm countries give rise to men who are prudent but not spirited, and cold (countries) to men who are spirited but not prudent. This regulation is drawn up well for one who is the Prince of all the world, and is therefore permitted to draw men from those places that appear best to him: bu t wanting to draw up a regulation that anyone can use, one must say that every Republic and every Kingdom ought to take soldiers from their own country, whether it is hot, cold, or temperate.For, from ancient examples, it is seen that in every country, good soldiers are made by training; because where nature is lacking, industry supplies it, which, in this case, is worth more than nature: And selecting them from another place cannot be called Deletto, because Deletto means to say to take the best of a province, and to have the power to select as well those who do not want to fight as those who do want to. This Deletto therefore, cannot be made unless the places are subject to you; for you cannot take whoever you want in the countries that are not yours, but you need to take those who want to come. COSIMO: And of those who want to come, it can even be said, that they turn and leave you, and because of this, it can then be called a Deletto. FABRIZIO: In a certain way, you say what is true: but consider the defects that such as Deletto has in itself, for often it happens that it is not a Deletto.The first thing (to consider), is that those who are not your subjects and do not willingly want to fight, are not of the best, rather they are of the worst of a province; for if nay are troublesome, idle, without restraint, without religion, subject to the rule of the father, blasphemous, gamblers, and in every way http://oll. libertyfund. org/Home3/EBook. php? recordID=0523 Page 12 of 106 Machiavelli_0523 09/15/2005 09:27 AM without religion, subject to the rule of the father, blasphemous, gamblers, and in every way badly brought up, they are those who want to fight, (and) these habits cannot be more contrary to a true and good military life.When there are so many of such men offered to you that they exceed the number you had designated, you can select them; but if the material is bad, it is impossible for the Deletto to be good: but many times it happens that they are not so many as (are needed) to fill the number you require: so that being forced to take them all, it results that it can no longer be called the making of a Deletto, but in enlisting of infantry. The armies of Italy and other places are raised today with these evils, except in Germany, where no one is enlisted by command of the Prince, but according to the wishes of those who want to fight. Think, therefore, what methods of those ancients can now be introduced in an army of men put together by similar means. COSIMO: What means should be taken therefore? FABRIZIO: What I have just said: select them from your own subjects, and with the authority of the Prince. COSIMO: Would you introduce any ancient form in those thus selected?FABRIZIO: You know well it would be so; if it is a Principality, he who should command should be their Prince or an ordinary Lord; or if it is a Republic, a citizen who for the time should be Captain: otherwise it is difficult to do the thing well. COSIMO: Why? FABRIZIO: I will tell you in time: for now, I want this to suffice for you, that it cannot be done well in any other way. COSIMO: If you have, therefore, to make ibis Deletto in your country, whence do you judge it better to draw them, from the City or the Countryside? FABRIZIO: Those who have written of this all agree that it is better to select them from the Countryside, as they are men accustomed to discomfort, brought up on hard work, accustomed to be in the sun and avoid the shade, know how to handle the sword, dig a ditch, carry a load, and are without cunning or malice.But on this subject, my opinion would be, that as soldiers are of two kinds, afoot and on horseback, that those afoot be selected from the Countryside, and those on horseback from the City. COSIMO: Of what age would you draw them? FABRIZIO: If I had to raise an (entirely) new army, I would draw them from seventeen to forty years of age; if the army already exists and I had to replenish it, at seventeen years o f age always. COSIMO: I do not understand this distinction well. FABRIZIO: I will tell you: if I should have to organize an army where there is none, it would be necessary to select all those men who were more capable, as long as they were of military http://oll. libertyfund. org/Home3/EBook. php? recordID=0523 Page 13 of 106 Machiavelli_0523 09/15/2005 09:27 AM e necessary to select all those men who were more capable, as long as they were of military age, in order to instruct them as I would tell them: but if I should have to make the Deletto in places where the army was (already) organized, in order to supplement it, I would take those of seventeen years of age, because the others having been taken for some time would have been selected and instructed. COSIMO: Therefore you would want to make an ordinance similar to that which exists in our countries. FABRIZIO: You say well: it is true that I would arm them, captain them, train them, and organize them, in a way which I do not kno w whether or not you have organized them similarly. COSIMO: Therefore you praise the ordinance? FABRIZIO: Why would you want me to condemn it? COSIMO: Because many wise men have censured it.FABRIZIO: You say something contrary, when you say a wise man censured the ordinance: for he can be held a wise man and to have censured them wrongly. COSIMO: The wrong conclusion that he has made will always cause us to have such a opinion. FABRIZIO: Watch out that the defect is not yours, but his: as that which you recognized before this discussion furnishes proof. COSIMO: You do a most gracious thing. But I want to tell you that you should be able to justify yourself better in that of which those men are accused. These men say thusly: either that it is useless and our trusting in it will cause us to lose the State: or it is of virtue, and he who governs through it can easily deprive her of it.They cite the Romans, who by their own arms lost their liberty: They cite the Venetians and the King o f France, of whom they say that the former, in order not to obey one of its Citizens employed the arms of others, and the King disarmed his People so as to be able to command them more easily. But they fear the uselessness of this much more; for which uselessness they cite two principal reasons: the one, because they are inexpert; the other, for having to fight by force: because they say that they never learn anything from great men, and nothing good is ever done by force. FABRIZIO: All the reasons that you mention are from men who are not far sighted, as I shall clearly show. And first, as to the uselessness, I say to you that no army is of more use than your own, nor can an army of your own be organized except in this way.And as there is no debating over this, which all the examples of ancient history does for us, I do not want to lose time over it. And because they cite inexperience and force, I say [as it is true] that inept experience gives rise to little spirit (enthusiasm) an d force makes for discontent: but experience and enthusiasm gains for themselves the means for arming, training, and organizing them, as you will see in the first part of this discussion. But as to force, you must understand that as men are brought to the army by commandment of the Prince, they have to come, whether it is http://oll. libertyfund. org/Home3/EBook. php? recordID=0523 Page 14 of 106 Machiavelli_0523 09/15/2005 09:27 AM en are brought to the army by commandment of the Prince, they have to come, whether it is entirely by force or entirely voluntarily: for if it were entirely from desire, there would not be a Deletto as only a few of them would go; so also, the (going) entirely by force would produce bad results; therefore, a middle way ought to be taken where neither the entirely forced or entirely voluntarily (means are used), but they should come, drawn by the regard they have for the Prince, where they are more afraid of of his anger then the immediate punishment: and it will always happen that there will be a compulsion mixed with willingness, from which that discontent cannot arise which causes bad effects. Yet I do not claim that an army thus constituted cannot be defeated; for many times the Roman armies were overcome, and the army of Hannibal was defeated: so that it can be seen that no army can be so organized that a promise can be given that it cannot be routed. These wise men of yours, therefore, ought not measure this uselessness from having lost one time, but to believe that just as they can lose, so too they can win and remedy the cause of the defeat.And if they should look into this, they will find that it would not have happened because of a defect in the means, but of the organization which was not sufficiently perfect. And, as I have said, they ought to provide for you, not by censuring the organization, but by correcting it: as to how this ought to be done, you will come to know little by little. As to being apprehensive that suc h organization will not deprive you of the State by one who makes himself a leader, I reply, that the arms carried by his citizens or subjects, given to them by laws and ordinances, never do him harm, but rather are always of some usefulness, and preserve the City uncorrupted for a longer time by means of these (arms), than without (them).Rome remained free four hundred years while armed: Sparta eight hundred: Many other Cities have been dis-armed, and have been free less than forty years; for Cities have need of arms, and if they do not have arms of their own, they hire them from foreigners, and the arms of foreigners more readily do harm to the public good than their own; for they are easier to corrupt, and a citizen who becomes powerful can more readily avail himself, and can also manage the people more readily as he has to oppress men who are disarmed. In addition to this, a City ought to fear two enemies more than one. One which avails itself of foreigners immediately has to fe ar not only its citizens, but the foreigners that it enlists; and, remembering what I told you a short while ago of Francesco Sforza, (you will see that) that fear ought to exist. One which employs its own arms, has not other fear except of its own Citizens.But of all the reasons which can be given, I want this one to serve me, that no one ever established any Republic or Kingdom who did not think that it should be defended by those who lived there with arms: and if the Venetians had been as wise in this as in their other institutions, they would have created a new world Kingdom; but who so much more merit censure, because they had been the first who were armed by their founders. And not having dominion on land, they armed themselves on the sea, where they waged war with virtu, and with arms in hand enlarged their country. But when the time came when they had to wage war on land to defend Venice and where they ought to have sent their own citizens to fight (on land), they enlisted a s their captain (a foreigner), the Marquis of Mantua. This was the sinister course which prevented them from rising to the skies and expanding.And they did this in the belief that, as they knew how to wage war at sea, they should not trust themselves in waging it on land; which was an unwise belief (distrust), because a Sea captain, who is accustomed to http://oll. libertyfund. org/Home3/EBook. php? recordID=0523 Page 15 of 106 Machiavelli_0523 09/15/2005 09:27 AM on land; which was an unwise belief (distrust), because a Sea captain, who is accustomed to combat with winds, water, and men, could more easily become a Captain on land where the combat is with men only, than a land Captain become a sea one. And my Romans, knowing how to combat on land and not on the sea, when the war broke out with the Carthaginians who were powerful on the sea, did not enlist Greeks or Spaniards experienced at sea, but imposed that change on those citizens they sent (to fight) on land, and they won.If t hey did this in order that one of their citizens should not become Tyrant, it was a fear that was given little consideration; for, in addition to the other reasons mentioned a short while ago concerning such a proposal, if a citizen (skilled) in (the use of) arms at sea had never been made a Tyrant in a City situated in the sea, so much less would he be able to do this if he were (skilled) in (the use of arms) on land. And, because of this, they ought to have seen that arms in the hands of their own citizens could not create Tyrants, but the evil institutions of a Government are those which cause a City to be tyrannized; and, as they had a good Government, did not have to fear arms of their own citizens. They took an imprudent course, therefore, which was the cause of their being deprived of much glory and happiness. As to the error which the King of France makes in not having his eople disciplined to war, from what has been cited from examples previously mentioned, there is no one [devoid of some particular passion of theirs] who does not judge this defect to be in the Republic, and that this negligence alone is what makes it weak. But I have made too great a digression and have gotten away from my subject: yet I have done this to answer you and to show you, that no reliance can be had on arms other than ones own, and ones own arms cannot be established otherwise than by way of an ordinance, nor can forms of armies be introduced in any place, nor military discipline instituted. If you have read the arrangements which the first Kings made in Rome, and most especially of Servius Tullus, you will find that the institution of classes is none other than an arrangement to be able quickly to put together an army for the defense of that City.But turning to our Deletto, I say again, that having to replenish an established (old) organization, I would take the seventeen year olds, but having to create a new one, I would take them of every age between seventeen and forty in order to avail myself of them quickly. COSIMO: Would you make a difference of what profession (art) you would choose them from? FABRIZIO: These writers do so, for they do not want that bird hunters, fishermen, cooks, procurers, and anyone who makes amusement his calling should be taken, but they want that, in addition to tillers of the soil, smiths and blacksmiths, carpenters, butchers, hunters, and such like, should be taken.But I would make little difference in conjecturing from his calling how good the man may be, but how much I can use him with the greatest usefulness. And for this reason, the peasants, who are accustomed to working the land, are more useful than anyone else, for of all the professions (arts), this one is used more than any other in the army: After this, are the forgers (smiths), carpenters, blacksmiths, shoemakers; of whom it is useful to have many, for their skills succeed in many things, as they are a very good thing for a soldier to have, from whom you d raw double service. COSIMO: How are those who are or are not suitable to fight chosen? http://oll. libertyfund. org/Home3/EBook. php? recordID=0523 Page 16 of 106Machiavelli_0523 09/15/2005 09:27 AM FABRIZIO: I want to talk of the manner of selecting a new organization in order to make it after wards into an army; which yet also apply in the discussion of the selection that should be made in re-manning an old (established) organization. I say, therefore, that how good the man is that you have to select as a soldier is recognized either from his experience, shown by some excellent deeds of his, or by conjecture. The proof of virtu cannot be found in men who are newly selected, and who never before have been selected; and of the former, few or none are found in an organization which is newly established.It is necessary, therefore, lacking experience to have recourse to conjecture, which is derived from their age, profession, and physical appearance. The first two have been discussed: it remains to talk of the third. And yet I say that some have wanted that the soldier be big, among whom was Pyrrhus: Some others have chosen them only from the strength of the body, as Caesar did: which strength of body is conjectured from the composition of the members and the gracefulness of aspect. And yet some of those who write say that he should have lively and merry eyes, a nervy neck, a large breast, muscular arms, long fingers, a small stomach, round hips, sleek legs and feet: which parts usually render a man strong and agile, which are the two things sought above everything else in a soldier.He ought, above all, to have regard for his habits and that there should be in him a (sense of) honesty and shame, otherwise there will be selected only an instrument of trouble and a beginning of corruption; for there is no one who believes that in a dishonest education and in a brutish mind, there can exist some virtu which in some part may be praiseworthy. Nor does it appear to me superfluous, rather I believe it necessary, in order for you to understand better the importance of this selection, to tell you the method that the Roman Consuls at the start of their Magistracy observed in selecting the Roman legions. In which Deletto, because those who had to be selected were to be a mixture of new and veteran men [because of the continuing wars], they proceeded from experience with regard to the old (veteran) men, and from conjecture with regard to the new. And this ought to be noted, that these Deletti are made, either for immediate training and use, or for future employment.I have talked, and will talk, of those that are made for future employment, because my intention is to show you how an army can be organized in countries where there is no military (organization), in which countries I cannot have Deletti in order to make use of them. But in countries where it is the custom to call out armies, and by means of the Prince, these (Deletti) exist, as was observed at Rome and is today observed among the Swiss. For in these Deletti, if they are for the (selection of) new men, there are so many others accustomed to being under military orders, that the old (veteran) and new, being mixed together, make a good and united body.Notwithstanding this, the Emperors, when they began to hold fixed the (term of service of the) soldiers, placed new men in charge over the soldiers, whom they called Tironi, as teachers to train them, as is seen in the life of the Emperor Maximus: which thing, while Rome was free, was instituted, not in the army, but within the City: and as the military exercises where the young men were trained were in the City, there resulted that those then chosen to go to war, being accustomed in the method of mock warfare, could easily adapt themselves to real war. But afterwards, when these Emperors discontinued these exercises, it was necessary to employ the methods I have described to you.Arriving, therefore, at the methods of the R oman Selection, I say that, as soon as the Roman Consuls, on whom was imposed the carrying on of the war, had assumed the Magistracy, in wanting to organize their armies [as it http://oll. libertyfund. org/Home3/EBook. php? recordID=0523 Page 17 of 106 Machiavelli_0523 09/15/2005 09:27 AM carrying on of the war, had assumed the Magistracy, in wanting to organize their armies [as it was the custom that each of them had two legions of Roman men, who were the nerve (center) of their armies], created twenty four military Tribunes, proposing six for each legion, who filled that office which today is done by those whom we call Constables. After they had assembled all the Roman men adept at carrying arms, and placed the Tribunes f each legion apart from each of the others. Afterwards, by lot they drew the Tribes, from which the first Selection was to be made, and of that Tribe they selected four of their best men, from whom one was selected by the Tribunes of the first legion, and of the o ther three, one was selected by the Tribunes of the second legion; of the other two, one was selected by the Tribunes of the third, and that last belonged to the fourth legion. After these four, four others were selected, of whom the first man was selected by the Tribunes of the second legion, the second by those of the third, the third by those of the fourth, the fourth remained to the first.After, another four were chosen: the first man was selected by the (Tribunes of the) third (legion), the second by the fourth, the third by the first, the fourth remained to the second. And thus this method of selection changed successively, so that the selection came to be equal, and the legions equalized. And as we said above, this was done where the men were to be used immediately: and as it was formed of men of whom a good part were experienced in real warfare, and everyone in mock battles, this Deletto was able to be based on conjecture and experience. But when a new army was to be organiz ed and the selection made for future employment, this Deletto cannot be based except on conjecture, which is done by age and physical appearance.COSIMO: I believe what you have said is entirely true: but before you pass on to other discussion, I want to ask about one thing which you have made me remember, when you said that the Deletto which should be made where these men are not accustomed to fighting should be done by conjecture: for I have heard our organization censured in many of its parts, and especially as to number; for many say that a lesser number ought to be taken, of whom those that are drawn would be better and the selection better, as there would not be as much hardship imposed on the men, and some reward given them, by means of which they would be more content and could be better commanded. Whence I would like to know your opinion on this part, and if you preferred a greater rather than a smaller number, and what methods you would use in selecting both numbers. FABRIZ IO: Without doubt the greater number is more desirable and more necessary than the smaller: rather, to say better, where a great number are not available, a perfect organization cannot be made, and I will easily refute all the reasons cited in favor of this. I say, therefore, first, that where there are many people, as there are for example inTuscany, does not cause you to have better ones, or that the Deletto is more selective; for desiring in the selection of men to judge them on the basis of experience, only a very few would probably be found in that country who would have had this experience, as much because few have been in a war, as because of those few who have been, very few have ever been put to the test, so that because of this they merit to be chosen before the others: so that whoever is in a similar situation should select them, must leave experience to one side and take them by conjecture: and if I were brought to such a necessity, I would want to see, if twenty young m en of good physical appearance should come before me, with what rule rule I ought to take some or reject some: h